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Commercial bribery is a form of bribery which involves corrupt dealing with the agents or employees of potential buyers to secure an advantage over business competitors.〔Black's Law Dictionary 7th. ed. 1999, p. 187〕 It is a form of corruption which does not necessarily involve government personnel or facilities. One common type of commercial bribery is the kickback. For example, a seller of goods or services from "Company A" who offers the purchasing manager of "Company B" a payment to his own account to help him secure a contract for Company B's continued business is engaging in a form of commercial bribery. Other related offenses are payola in the entertainment industry, match fixing in sports, corruption of labor union officials, and bid rigging in non-governmental contracts. ==United States law== There is no federal statute that by its terms expressly prohibits commercial bribery, though it is mentioned as part of the definition of aggravated felony for the purposes of United States immigration law.〔(a)(43)〕 It is usually punishable as a felony under state law, depending on circumstances, but only 36 U.S. states have laws specifically prohibiting commercial bribery. Among them are California,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=California Penal Code - PEN § 641.3 - FindLaw )〕 Delaware,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=DEL CODE § 881 : Delaware Code - Section 881: BRIBERY; CLASS A MISDEMEANOR )〕 Massachusetts,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=General Laws )〕 New Jersey,〔(N.J.S.A. 2C:21-10 )〕 New York, and Texas.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=TEX PE. CODE ANN. § 32.43 : Texas Statutes - Section 32.43: COMMERCIAL BRIBERY )〕 However, the federal mail and wire fraud statutes 〔 and 〕 can be used to prosecute commercial bribery as a "scheme or artifice to defraud" if the mail or interstate wire facilities are used. In addition, use of the mails or interstate travel or communication in furtherance of a violation of state commercial bribery laws may be prosecutable in Federal court under the Travel Act. As the penalties under the federal statutes may exceed the state penalties, and the federal investigative and enforcement agencies may have superior resources, often federal prosecution is favored. New York's law against commercial bribery is contained in Article 180 of the state's penal code.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=NY Code - Article 180: BRIBERY NOT INVOLVING PUBLIC SERVANTS, AND RELATED OFFENSES )〕 It is one of the most extensive state laws against commercial bribery in the United States, and includes prohibitions against bribing labor officials, fixing sports contests, and rent gouging. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Commercial bribery」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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